BIBLIOGRAPHIE
PUBMED
sur certains des EFFETS DU YOGA
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J Altern Complement Med. 2005 Feb;11(1):189-201. |
Sudarshan kriya yogic breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety, and
depression: part I-neurophysiologic model.
Brown RP,
Mind-body interventions are beneficial in stress-related mental and physical
disorders. Current research is finding associations between emotional disorders
and vagal tone as indicated by heart rate variability. A neurophysiologic model
of yogic breathing proposes to integrate research on yoga with polyvagal
theory, vagal stimulation, hyperventilation, and clinical observations. Yogic
breathing is a unique method for balancing the autonomic nervous system and
influencing psychologic and stress-related disorders. Many studies demonstrate
effects of yogic breathing on brain function and physiologic parameters, but
the mechanisms have not been clarified. Sudarshan Kriya yoga (SKY), a sequence
of specific breathing techniques (ujjayi, bhastrika, and Sudarshan Kriya) can
alleviate anxiety, depression, everyday stress, post-traumatic stress, and
stress-related medical illnesses. Mechanisms contributing to a state of calm
alertness include increased parasympathetic drive, calming of stress response
systems, neuroendocrine release of hormones, and thalamic generators. This
model has heuristic value, research implications, and clinical applications.
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Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback.
2004 Mar;29(1):19-33. |
Yogic versus conventional treatment in diarrhea-predominant irritable
bowel syndrome: a randomized control study.
Taneja I, Deepak KK, Poojary G, Acharya IN, Pandey RM, Sharma MP.
Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical
Sciences,
This study was conducted to evaluate the comparative effect of yogic and
conventional treatment in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
in a randomized control design. The patients were 22 males, aged 20-50 years,
with confirmed diagnosis of diarrhea-predominant IBS. The conventional group (n
= 12, 1 dropout) was given symptomatic treatment with loperamide 2-6 mg/day for
2 months, and the yogic intervention group (n = 9) consisted of a set of 12
asanas (yogic poses, i.e., Vajrasana, Shashankasana, Ushtrasana, Marjariasana,
Padhastasana, Dhanurasana, Trikonasana in two variations, Pawanmuktasana, and
Paschimottanasana) along with Surya Nadi pranayama (right-nostril breathing)
two times a day for 2 months. All participants were tested at three regular
intervals, at the start of study--0 month, 1 month, and 2 months of receiving
the intervention--and were investigated for bowel symptoms, autonomic symptoms,
autonomic reactivity (battery of five standard tests), surface
electrogastrography, anxiety profile by Spielberger's Self Evaluation
Questionnaire, which evaluated trait and state anxiety. Two months of both
conventional and yogic intervention showed a significant decrease of bowel
symptoms and state anxiety. This was accompanied by an increase in
electrophysiologically recorded gastric activity in the conventional
intervention group and enhanced parasympathetic reactivity, as measured by
heart rate parameters, in yogic intervention group. The study indicates a
beneficial effect of yogic intervention over conventional treatment in
diarrhea-predominant IBS.
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J Affect Disord. 2000 Jan-Mar;57(1-3):255-9. |
Antidepressant efficacy of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) in melancholia: a
randomized comparison with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and imipramine.
Janakiramaiah N, Gangadhar BN, Naga Venkatesha Murthy PJ, Harish MG,
Subbakrishna DK, Vedamurthachar A.
Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health
and Neuro Sciences,
BACKGROUND: Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) is a procedure that involves essentially
rhythmic hyperventilation at different rates of breathing. The antidepressant
efficacy of SKY was demonstrated in dysthymia in a prospective, open clinical
trial. This study compared the relative antidepressant efficacy of SKY in
melancholia with two of the current standard treatments, electroconvulsive
therapy (ECT) and imipramine (IMN). METHODS: Consenting, untreated melancholic
depressives (n=45) were hospitalized and randomized equally into three
treatment groups. They were assessed at recruitment and weekly thereafter for
four weeks. RESULTS: Significant reductions in the total scores on Beck
Depression Inventory (BDI) and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD)
occurred on successive occasions in all three groups. The groups, however, did
not differ. Significant interaction between the groups and occasion of
assessment occurred. At week three, the SKY group had higher scores than the
ECT group but was not different from the IMN group. Remission (total HRSD score
of seven or less) rates at the end of the trial were 93, 73 and 67% in the ECT,
IMN and SKY groups, respectively. No clinically significant side effects were
observed. DISCUSSION: Within the limitations of the design (lack of double blind
conditions), it can be concluded that, although inferior to ECT, SKY can be a
potential alternative to drugs in melancholia as a first line treatment.
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Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2003
Apr;47(2):202-6. |
Effect of yoga on cardiovascular system in
subjects above 40 years.
Bharshankar JR, Bharshankar RN, Deshpande VN, Kaore SB, Gosavi GB.
Department of Physiology,
This study was conducted to examine the effect of yoga on cardiovascular
function in subjects above 40 yrs of age. Pulse rate, systolic and diastolic
blood pressure and Valsalva ratio were studied in 50 control subjects (not
doing any type of physical exercise) and 50 study subjects who had been
practicing yoga for 5 years. From the study it was observed that significant
reduction in the pulse rate occurs in subjects practicing yoga (P<0.001). The
difference in the mean values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure between
study group and control group was also statistically significant (P<0.01 and
P<0.001 respectively). The systolic and diastolic blood pressure showed
significant positive correlation with age in the study group (r1 systolic=
0.631 and r1 diastolic = 0.610) as well as in the control group (r2 systolic =
0.981 and r2 diastolic = 0.864). The significance of difference between
correlation coefficient of both the groups was also tested with the use of Z
transformation and the difference was significant (Z systolic= 4.041 and Z
diastolic= 2.901). Valsalva ratio was also found to be significantly higher in
yoga practitioners than in controls (P<0.001). Our results indicate that
yoga reduces the age related deterioration in cardiovascular functions.
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J Altern Complement Med. 2004 Apr;10(2):261-8. |
Effects of Hatha yoga and Omkar meditation
on cardiorespiratory performance, psychologic profile, and melatonin secretion.
Harinath K, Malhotra AS, Pal K, Prasad R, Kumar R, Kain TC, Rai L, Sawhney
RC.
Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences,
Timarpur,
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate effects of Hatha yoga and Omkar meditation on
cardiorespiratory performance, psychologic profile, and melatonin secretion. SUBJECTS
AND METHODS: Thirty healthy men in the age group of 25-35 years volunteered for
the study. They were randomly divided in two groups of 15 each. Group 1
subjects served as controls and performed body flexibility exercises for 40
minutes and slow running for 20 minutes during morning hours and played games
for 60 minutes during evening hours daily for 3 months. Group 2 subjects
practiced selected yogic asanas (postures) for 45 minutes and pranayama for 15
minutes during the morning, whereas during the evening hours these subjects
performed preparatory yogic postures for 15 minutes, pranayama for 15 minutes,
and meditation for 30 minutes daily, for 3 months. Orthostatic tolerance, heart
rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, dynamic lung function (such as forced
vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, forced expiratory volume
percentage, peak expiratory flow rate, and maximum voluntary ventilation), and
psychologic profile were measured before and after 3 months of yogic practices.
Serial blood samples were drawn at various time intervals to study effects of
these yogic practices and Omkar meditation on melatonin levels. RESULTS: Yogic
practices for 3 months resulted in an improvement in cardiorespiratory
performance and psychologic profile. The plasma melatonin also showed an
increase after three months of yogic practices. The systolic blood pressure,
diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, and orthostatic tolerance did
not show any significant correlation with plasma melatonin. However, the
maximum night time melatonin levels in yoga group showed a significant
correlation (r = 0.71, p < 0.05) with well-being score. CONCLUSION: These
observations suggest that yogic practices can be used as psychophysiologic
stimuli to increase endogenous secretion of melatonin, which, in turn, might be
responsible for improved sense of well-being.
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West Indian Med J. 2004 Jun;53(3):191-4. |
Role of yoga in stress management.
Parshad O.
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The University
of the West Indies,
The state of the mind and that of the body are
intimately related. If the mind is relaxed, the muscles in the body will also
be relaxed. Stress produces a state of physical and mental tension. Yoga,
developed thousands of years ago, is recognized as a form of mind-body
medicine. In yoga, physical postures and breathing exercises improve muscle
strength, flexibility, blood circulation and oxygen uptake as
well as hormone function. In addition, the relaxation induced by
meditation helps to stabilize the autonomic nervous system with a tendency
towards parasympathetic dominance. Physiological benefits which follow, help yoga practitioners become more resilient to
stressful conditions and reduce a variety of important risk factors for various
diseases, especially cardio-respiratory diseases.
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Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1999
Apr;43(2):218-24. |
Stress due to exams in medical students--role of yoga.
Malathi A, Damodaran A.
Department of Physiology,
A student under optimal stress does bring out his or her best, However extremes of stress can result in stress induced
disorders and deteriorating performance. Can yoga be of benefit in stress
induced effects in medical students? The present study was conducted in first
MBBS students (n = 50) to determine the benefit if any of yogic practices on
anxiety status during routine activities and prior to examination. Feedback
scores were assessed to determine how the students had benefited from the
practices. Anxiety status as assessed by Spillberger's anxiety scale showed a
statistically significant reduction following practice. In addition the anxiety
score which rose prior to exams showed a statistically significant reduction on
the day of exam after practice. These results point to the beneficial role of
yoga in not only causing reduction in basal anxiety level but also attenuating
the increase in anxiety score in stressful state such as exams. The results of
the exam indicated a statistically significant reduction in number of failures
in yoga group as compared to the control group. The improvement in various
parameters such as better sense of well being, feeling of relaxation, improved
concentration, self confidence, improved efficiency, good interpersonal relationship,
increased attentiveness, lowered irritability levels, and an optimistic outlook
in life were some of the beneficial effects enjoyed by the yoga group indicated
by feedback score.
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Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2002
Jul;46(3):349-54. |
Improvement in oxidative status with yogic
breathing in young healthy males.
Bhattacharya S, Pandey
Department of Physiology, King George's
The modern living lifestyle is known to produce various physical and
psychological stresses and subject the individual to produce oxidative stresses
as well. The aim of this study has been to assess the effect of yogic breathing
exercises (pranayama) on the oxidatives stress. The study group consisted of 30
young male volunteers, trained for the purpose of this study and an equal
number of controls were used. The free radicals and Super oxide dismutase
levels were measured before the study and at the end of the study. The free
radicals were decreased significantly in the study group but the SOD was
increased insignificantly as compared to the control group. Yogic breathing
exercises not only help in relieving the stresses of life but also improve the
antioxidant status of the individual. An improvement in the antioxidant status
is helpful in preventing many pathological processes that are known with
impaired antioxidant system of body.
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Biol Psychol. 2003 Jul;63(3):281-91. |
Sudarshan Kriya practitioners exhibit better antioxidant status and
lower blood lactate levels.
Sharma H, Sen S, Singh A, Bhardwaj NK, Kochupillai V, Singh N.
Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari
Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India.
Oxidative stress may contribute to the pathophysiology of many chronic
diseases. Since psychosocial stress increases oxidative stress, we conducted an
exploratory study to investigate the effects of stress reduction with the
Sudarshan Kriya (SK) program, on superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase,
glutathione and blood lactate levels in practitioners and non-practitioners of
SK. Blood samples of ten practitioners of SK and 14 non-practitioners of any
formal stress management technique were analyzed for SOD, catalase, glutathione
and lactate levels. Differences between groups and subgroups were analyzed by
t-test and correlations between variables compared using Pearson's correlation
coefficient. Significantly lower levels of blood lactate (P=3.118e-10) and
higher levels of SOD (P=0.0001415), glutathione (P=2.038e-06) and catalase
(P=0.001565) were found in practitioners as compared to non-practitioners of
SK, thereby suggesting that lower levels of blood lactate and better
antioxidant status in practitioners are associated with regular practice of SK
technique. However, this study needs to be conducted on a larger sample size to
confirm this effect.
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J Am Board Fam Pract. 2003 Mar-Apr;16(2):131-47. |
Mind-body medicine: state of the science, implications for practice.
Astin JA, Shapiro SL, Eisenberg DM, Forys KL.
BACKGROUND: Although emerging evidence during the past several decades suggests
that psychosocial factors can directly influence both physiologic function and
health outcomes, medicine had failed to move beyond the biomedical model, in
part because of lack of exposure to the evidence base supporting the
biopsychosocial model. The literature was reviewed to examine the efficacy of
representative psychosocial-mind-body interventions, including relaxation,
(cognitive) behavioral therapies, meditation, imagery, biofeedback, and
hypnosis for several common clinical conditions. METHODS: An electronic search
was undertaken of the MEDLINE, PsycLIT, and the Cochrane Library databases and
a manual search of the reference sections of relevant articles for related
clinical trials and reviews of the literature. Studies examining mind-body
interventions for psychological disorders were excluded. Owing to space
limitations, studies examining more body-based therapies, such as yoga and tai
chi chuan, were also not included. Data were extracted from relevant systematic
reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials. RESULTS: Drawing
principally from systematic reviews and meta-analyses, there is considerable
evidence of efficacy for several mind-body therapies in the treatment of
coronary artery disease (eg, cardiac rehabilitation), headaches, insomnia,
incontinence, chronic low back pain, disease and treatment-related symptoms of
cancer, and improving postsurgical outcomes. We found moderate evidence of
efficacy for mind-body therapies in the areas of hypertension and arthritis. Additional
research is required to clarify the relative efficacy of different mind-body
therapies, factors (such as specific patient characteristics) that might
predict more or less successful outcomes, and mechanisms of action. Research is
also necessary to examine the cost offsets associated with mind-body therapies.
CONCLUSIONS: There is now considerable evidence that an array of mind-body
therapies can be used as effective adjuncts to conventional medical treatment
for a number of common clinical conditions.
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Clin J Pain. 2004 Jan-Feb;20(1):27-32. |
Mind-body therapies for the management of
pain.
Astin JA.
California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute,
This paper reviews the evidence for mind-body therapies (eg, relaxation,
meditation, imagery, cognitive-behavioral therapy) in the treatment of
pain-related medical conditions and suggests directions for future research in
these areas. Based on evidence from randomized controlled trials and in many
cases, systematic reviews of the literature, the following recommendations can
be made: 1) multi-component mind-body approaches that include some combination
of stress management, coping skills training, cognitive restructuring and
relaxation therapy may be an appropriate adjunctive treatment for chronic low
back pain; 2) multimodal mind-body approaches such as cognitive-behavioral
therapy, particularly when combined with an educational/informational
component, can be an effective adjunct in the management of rheumatoid and
osteoarthritis; 3) relaxation and thermal biofeedback may be considered as a
treatment for recurrent migraine while relaxation and muscle biofeedback can be
an effective adjunct or stand alone therapy for recurrent tension headache; 4)
an array of mind-body therapies (eg, imagery, hypnosis, relaxation) when
employed pre-surgically, can improve recovery time and reduce pain following
surgical procedures; 5) mind-body approaches may be considered as adjunctive
therapies to help ameliorate pain during invasive medical procedures.
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J Gen Intern Med. 2004 Jan;19(1):43-50. |
Use of mind-body medical therapies.
Wolsko PM, Eisenberg DM, Davis RB, Phillips RS.
Division for Research and Education in Complementary and
Integrative Medical Therapies,
OBJECT: Research demonstrating connections between the mind and body has
increased interest in the potential of mind-body therapies. Our aim was to
examine the use of mind-body therapies, using data available from a national
survey. DESIGN: Analysis of a large nationally representative dataset that
comprehensively evaluated the use of mind-body therapies in the last year. SETTING:
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Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback.
2004 Dec;29(4):269-78. |
Treatment of chronic insomnia with yoga: a preliminary study with
sleep-wake diaries.
Khalsa SB.
Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's
Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachussets
02115, USA. khalsa@hms.harvard.edu
There is good evidence for cognitive and physiological
arousal in chronic insomnia. Accordingly, clinical trial studies of insomnia
treatments aimed at reducing arousal, including relaxation and meditation, have
reported positive results. Yoga is a multicomponent practice that is also known
to be effective in reducing arousal, although it has not been well evaluated as
a treatment for insomnia. In this preliminary study, a simple daily yoga
treatment was evaluated in a chronic insomnia population consisting of
sleep-onset and/or sleep-maintenance insomnia and primary or secondary
insomnia. Participants maintained sleep-wake diaries during a pretreatment
2-week baseline and a subsequent 8-week intervention, in which they practiced
the treatment on their own following a single in-person training session with
subsequent brief in-person and telephone follow-ups. Sleep efficiency (SE),
total sleep time (TST), total wake time (TWT), sleep onset latency (SOL), wake
time after sleep onset (WASO), number of awakenings, and sleep quality measures
were derived from sleep-wake diary entries and were averaged in 2-week
intervals. For 20 participants completing the protocol, statistically
significant improvements were observed in SE, TST, TWT, SOL, and WASO at
end-treatment as compared with pretreatment values.
It is time for the scientific community to
stop giving alternative medicine a
free ride. There cannot be two kinds of medicine conventional
and alternative. There is only medicine that
has been adequately tested and medicine that has not, medicine
that works and medicine that may or may not work. Once a
treatment has been tested rigorously, it no longer matters whether
it was considered alternative at the outset. If it
is found to be reasonably safe and effective, it will be accepted. But
assertions, speculation, and testimonials do not substitute for
evidence. Alternative treatments should be
subjected to scientific testing no less rigorous than that required
for conventional treatments.
Alternative Medicine The Risks of Untested and Unregulated Remedies
Angell M., Kassirer J. P.
Anne Frobert, 12/03/2005